How Culture Has Become Very Important Topic Of...

â€Å"Culture has become very important topic of international business†. Lee, Y., Liu, W. (2012). Imagine a successful organization in the United State wants to enter to another country’s market like India. These two countries have many differences in their culture as general and their individuals are influenced by the national culture. It is important for a leader to know individual’s differences and cultures in order to have an effective leadership, and run a productive and successful business in other countries. Even in inside of a country which has multinational employees, culture differences would be challenging. Human diversity may cause many conflicts; a good leader is the one who knows all the diversities, and manages them toward the†¦show more content†¦(2011). His study is going to discover six dimensions such as: Power Distance which is the fact of inequality between all individuals in the society in every aspects of their lives, and it expresses the fact that different people based on their culture have different approach to this. â€Å"Power distance is used to measure the equality and inequality among people in a society†. Lee, Y., Liu, W. (2012) We all are aware of existing of inequalities in every society in some extent, in some countries there are more inequalities than others. In countries with high power distance, they accept this distance and they don’t have much desire to change this fashion because power distance is fundamental to their culture. They accept the hierocracy in their work place. To lead and direct individuals who are coming from this type of society, a leader should know that member of this culture are depend on their superiors and leaders. The high power distance people prefer to have an â€Å"authoritarian† management style. In contrast, in cou ntries and societies with lower power distance the leadership is decentralized, and the subordinates prefer to work and get reward based on their performance. There is neither hierocracy nor authoritative management style in those organizations. So, everyone carries on some part of responsibilities toward the goals of organizations. Lee, Y., Liu, W. (2012) Individualism versus collectivism is

The Occupation And Abuse Of National And Female Bodies

The occupation and abuse of national and female bodies causes them to be portrayed as fragmented in literature dealing with colonial themes. With the infitah opening Egypt’s doors to the world, elements of the modern flooded in and the nation become a conglomeration of old and new, tradition and modern (Shechter 572). Conflicting views between how to incorporate modern and tradition into Egyptian culture impacted all levels of the nation. Elements of the modern and the tradition were split and emphasized differently to different groups. As a figure thought to be representative of the purity of the nation, tradition is emphasized for the female body in order to maintain the identity of the nation despite economic change (Sadaawi â€Å"Hidden Face† 31). While the man is allowed to enter the world of money and exchange promised by capitalism, it is the female who must remain unaffected as a symbol of the nation’s purity in contrast to the Western nations. She is sti ll suppressed by cultural ideas that restrict and criminalize her body. Her virginity is not only a symbol of honor for her family, but also for her nation. While Egypt desired economic power and adapted western economic policies, they wished to keep their cultural and social traditions and further oppress the female as a symbol of sanctity. The contradicting background and situation the female finds herself in leads to individual fragmentation. There is a divide created between love, sex, and pleasure. StringentShow MoreRelatedThe Fight For Women s Rights1711 Words   |  7 Pagesfar from over, as today’s females face a new struggle involving the media. With the rapid progression of modern technology has come the immensely degrading trend of objectifying women. Women’s position in the media is heavily flawed, as females are seen as little more than their physical appeal, instead of human beings with large amounts of potential. 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Analyze Native American Societies Free Essays

This essay will analyze Native American societies for world view and cultural and institutional differentiation. In so doing, we will discuss the possibilities or the lack of endogenously generated social change within American Indian societies and cultures. Mainly this essay will concentrate on two important aspects of world view that contribute to conservatism in Native American cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyze Native American Societies or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two aspects are as follows, holistic Native American beliefs versus dualistic world views, and in so discussing we will illuminate the reader’s knowledge about the differences in views of purity and salvation. The second important aspect is that of the economic ethic: American Capitalism versus Native American subsistence labor ethic. The reasons why these two aspects are so important in explaining change or the lack of change in Native American communities is because everything is linked to religion and the ceremonies that ensue and the kinships within each community. As one author put it, Native American tribes are like apples and America is like an orange. This is meant as an analogy of how American society is compartmentalized and divided into many parts and Native American society is interlinked. In northern America there are hundreds of Native American tribes and all have distinct religions with their own distinct creation stories, and each tribe has its own rituals, each with unique ways of giving thanks and honoring the sacred. The one distingsion they all have in common is the idea of this-worldliness and a sense of conservatism. For the Native American community, the world is a gift given by the Creator and should not be changed or altered, it should be conserved and respected with a sense of balance. â€Å"To change the order of the given world would challenge the wisdom of the Creator and upset the sacred balance and order of the universe. A people who renounced the sacred ceremonies that give thanks to the creator for health, harmony, victory in war, good harvests, or good hunting would forfeit the favor of the Creator and lose divine protection and aid. (Champagne, 2007: 35) This is in sharp contrast with the Calvinistic dualism of this-worldliness and otherworldliness. As Weber puts it, the Calvinist doctrine can be described as one based on change and progress. For in Calvinism it is believed that this world is evil, corrupt, filled with death and destruction, and heaven is where the real world is, where each individual can attain salvation. For these reasons, it is mans duty to do his part to improve this evil world and make it as heavenly as possible. The view that this world is an evil and corrupt place, and that heaven is the real world, has implications of understanding possibilities for accepting change. † (Champagne, 2007: 34) This is why change comes more easily for Christian Calvinists than it does for Native Americans. For Native Americans this world is the only world and one must strike a balance with nature in order to gain harmony. There is no salvation, if one does wrong, then misfortune befalls him and at times his community within this world. The second important aspect is that of the economic ethic: American Capitalism versus Native American subsistence labor ethic. In order to gain a better understanding of this aspect we must first dive deeper into the roots of American Capitalism. Traditional capitalism has been around for hundreds of years in Europe and elsewhere in various forms; however, American Capitalism is unlike any other type seen in history. American Capitalism is competitive rational capitalism. As is argued by Weber, the reason for the difference is based of Christian Calvinism. While Weber recognizes that a variety of legal, political, and monetary conditions were necessary for the rise of capital markets and production, he argues that these features are not enough to explain the rise of capitalism without explaining the motivation of the capitalists to break the norms of traditional capitalism in favor of the competitive and innovative action of rational capitalism. Weber finds an explanation for the bre akdown of European traditional capitalism in Calvinist doctrine. Calvinist doctrine proclaimed that Gods will was predetermined for all time, only the elect received salvation, and all had a specific calling. Weber interpreted Calvinism as an otherworldly religion, where people sought to achieve salvation in the next world, not in this world, which was considered evil, corrupt, and full of sin. Although otherworldly salvation is the primary goal, Calvinists needed to show that they belonged to the elect, those chosen to go to heaven. Although the elect were predetermined, none know if they belonged to the chosen, and each person was enjoined by the Calvinist community to act like one of the elect and do the work of God on earth. Calvinists were not allowed to enjoy worldly comforts but were enjoined to be moral, work hard, and accumulate wealth as signs of their labor and moral fortitude. Wealth was a sign of the fruits of constant labor but could not be used to satisfy personal pleasures; therefore, it was reinvested in order to make more wealth and provide more work for others. † (Champagne, 2007: 29) This for Weber is the beginning of American Capitalism, later to be known as the protestant work ethic. This view is far from that of the Native American communities, for they were and are concerned with gaining balance with nature and giving thanks for gifts that the Creator has given, not salvation in otherworldly places. In the Calvinist view the world and its vast recourses and creatures are placed here for man to bend and manipulate to his will, in order to make this world into a heaven on earth. For Native Americans the creatures and resources that the Creator has created are not here for man to use and manipulate, thou Native Americans use the land they do not believe that man is any more special than any other creature. Native Americans believe that all living things have a soul were Christians believe that man is the center of the world and the only creature with a soul. This distinction makes it vary difficult for Native American communities to accept change and adapt to capitalism. Another underlining reason as to why change is so difficult to implement in Native American communities is because every aspect of tribal life is so interconnected that change in one aspect of life would inadvertently mean change in the entire outlook. In Native American tribes, all aspects of life, whether it is religion, economy, or polity are all interlinked. As Professor Champagne said , Native American tribes are like onions, they are layers upon layers centered on creation stories and ceremonies. A good example of this is the Hopi community. â€Å"Clans and families within villages organize Hopi religious, ceremonial, and political leadership. Although the particular way in which Hopi institutions are constructed is unique to them, a pattern of undifferentiation is observed mong them because religious, political, economic, and kinship structures are tightly interrelated and interpenetrating. Because of this pattern of undifferentiated institutional relations, the Hopi will be reluctant to consider institutional innovation such as change in political relations if such change requires major reorientations in creation stories, religious ceremonies, and kinship relations. † (Champagne, 2007: 41) The Hopi are not unique in this way; this way of living is true for most indigenous communities. In conclusion this essay has attempted to analyze Native American societies for world view and cultural and institutional differentiation. In so doing, we have discussed the possibilities of endogenously generated social change within American Indian societies and cultures. Mainly this essay has concentrated on two important aspects of world view that contribute to conservatism in Native American cultures. The two aspects as listed above are as follows, holistic Native American beliefs versus dualistic world views, and in so discussing we have underlined views of purity and salvation. The second important aspect that that was discussed was the economic ethic: American Capitalism versus Native American subsistence labor ethic. The reasons why these two aspects are so important in explaining change or the lack of change in Native American communities is because everything is linked to religion and the ceremonies that ensue. As one author put it, Native American tribes are like apples and America is like an orange. This is meant as an analogy of how American society is compartmentalized and divided into many parts and Native American society is interlinked. How to cite Analyze Native American Societies, Papers

Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Twain Essay Example For Students

Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Twain Essay In the Style of Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is said to be the source from which all great American literature has stemmed (Smith127). This is in part attributed to Mark Twains ability to use humor andsatire, as well as incorporating serious subject matter into his work. Throughout the novel Twain takes on the serious issue of Hucks moral dilemma. One such issue which is particularly important in the novel is pointed out bySmith: He swears and smokes, but he has a set of ethics all his own. He believesthat slaves belong to their rightful owners, yet in his honest gratitude towardhis friend Jim, he helps him to escape the bonds of slavery. (181) This issomething that tears at Huck throughout the novel and helps Twain show howcomplex Hucks character really is. The recognition of complexity inHucks character enabled Twain to do full justice to the conflict of vernacularvalues and the dominant culture (Smith 125). Throughout Huck and Jimsadventures Huck is constantly playing practical jokes on Jim who seems to takethem all in stride. But unknown to the reader Twain uses this aspect as anothernotch in Hucks moral 2 growth. Critic Frank McGill points this out: Huckshumble apology for the prank he plays on Jim in the fog is striking evidence ofgrowth in Hucks moral insight. It leads naturally to the next chapter in whichTwain causes Huck to face up for the first time to the fact he is helping aslave escape.(119) Another serious issue addressed by Twain is the abuse thatwas given to Huck by his father. Huck was kidnaped from the Widow Douglas by hisfather who had heard of his inheritance. Hucks father then took him to a cabinfar away in the woods where he kept the boy a prisoner, beating him and halfstarving him. Twain tells us how Huck felt about life with his father: Beforelong Huck began to wonder why he had even liked living with the widow. With hisfather he could smoke and swear all he wanted, and his life would have beenquiet pleasant if it had not been for all of the constant beatings. (156) Huckwould soon after grow tired of the beatings and fakes his death to escape thecabin. The humorous side of Twain is probably what he is most well known for. Humor is considered an art form by many writers. Jane Bernadette states thedifference between humor and comical stories: The humorous story is strictly awork of art high and delicate and only an Curran 3 artist can tell it; but noart is necessary in telling the comic and the witty story; anybody can do it. The art of telling a humorous story-understand, I mean by word of mouth, notprint-was created in America and has remained at home. (159) Twain satirizes thesouth for its seriousness on certain matters. I think one of the mostnotably southern traits of Mark Twains humor is its power of seeing the fun ofsouthern seriousness(Bernadette 175). Twain also satirizes the society ofthe ?day by describing the colonel Grangerford as the symbol ofsouthern aristocracy(245). Twain also goes on to satirize the southsracism. One such instance is pointed out in the novel when Aunt Polly hears of asteamboat explosion. Good gracious is anyone hurt? No,it just killed a negro (209). Religious satire is another aspectthat Twain uses. An easy illustration of this is the Widows attempt to teachHuck religious principles while she persists on keeping slaves. Hucksprinciples of morality make him more ?Christian than the Widow even though hetakes no interest in her lifeless principles(Bernadette 288). Twainshu mor has been mistaken by some to be racist or politically incorrect. Thehumor of Mark Twain contains a sense of the incongruous which frontiersmen feltin a region where civilization and uncultivated nature come face to face(McGill 95). In conclusion I think that the style and structure of Mark Twainswork not only exemplifies him as a humorist but as a serious writer as well ; awriter who cannot be Curran 4 categorized by any one aspect of his writing. .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 , .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .postImageUrl , .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 , .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43:hover , .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43:visited , .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43:active { border:0!important; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43:active , .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Best chews dogs, daily best cats fish, daily best EssayTo remember him only as a creator of boyhood adventure or as a relic of anAmerican frontier or the voice of idiosyncracy is to do him disservice(McGill 211). BibliographyBernadette, Jane. American Realism . Toronto: Educational ResourcesCorporation, 1972. McGill, Frank. American Writers. Montana: University ofMontana, 1974. Smith, Henry. Mark Twain: Development of a Writer. London: OxfordPress, 1962 Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: PenguinPress, 1996